agentsPublished: June 23, 2026

SHERLOC: Structured Diagnostic Localization for Code Repair Agents

By Hovhannes Tamoyan, Sean Narenthiran, Erik Arakelyan, Mira Mezini, Boris Ginsburg

Research TL;DR

"Training-free framework using reasoning LLM and repository tools for structured code fault localization, achieving SOTA on SWE-Bench and boosting repair agents while cutting tokens."

Abstract

LLM agents solve repository-level coding tasks through multi-turn tool use, but utilize half their budget on locating faults before editing. Dedicated localization frameworks have emerged, yet are still evaluated as file retrieval rather than actionable diagnosis, producing locations without the diagnostic context a repair agent needs. We introduce SHERLOC (Structured Hypothesis-driven Exploration and Reasoning for Localization), a training-free framework pairing a reasoning LLM with compact repository tools and self-recovery, without fine-tuning or multi-agent orchestration. SHERLOC reaches state-of-the-art localization across model scales: 84.33% accuracy@1 on SWE-Bench Lite and 81.27% recall@1 on SWE-Bench Verified; at ~30B parameters, it matches or outperforms other agentic methods. Injecting our locations and diagnostic findings into repair agents yields, on average, +5.95 pp resolve rate on SWE-Bench Verified while cutting localization and total tokens by 36.7% and 23.1%.

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Interactive LLM Token & Cost Calculator

Estimate token usage and model pricing. Enter your prompt below to see how it is parsed into tokens and calculate the exact API cost for different providers.

Context Window1,000,000 tokens
Visual Tokenizer Chunks
Language models do not read text like humans. Instead, they process text in chunks called tokens. A token can be a single character, a syllable, a word, or even part of a word (like the "ing" in "walking"). On average, 1 token is equivalent to about 4 characters or 0.75 words of English text.
Estimated Token Count124

Cost Breakdown (USD)

Input Cost (Prompt):$0.000248
Output Cost (Generated):$0.000744
Total Est. Cost:$0.000992
Context Window Capacity0.0124%

API Pricing Comparison (per Million Tokens)

ModelInputOutput
Fugu Max$2.00$6.00
Fugu Ultra v2$5.00$30.00
Ling 3.0 Flash VL$0.06$0.18
DeepSeek V4.1 Flash$0.15$0.60
Mercury 2.5$0.04$0.15
GPT-6 Astra$10.00$50.00
GPT-6 Astra Pro$10.00$50.00
Qwen3.8 Max (0902)$2.00$6.00
Muse Spark 1.3$1.25$4.25
Muse Spark 1.3 Contributor$0.10$0.20
Gemini 3.8 Flash$0.75$3.75
Claude Fable 5.1$10.00$50.00
Granite 4.2 8B$0.06$0.25
Mercury 2.5 Preview$0.04$0.15
Hy4 preview$0.83$2.50
Ling 3.0 Flash Fin$0.06$0.18
GLM Flash Latest$0.07$0.25
Qwen3.8 Flash$0.15$0.47
GLM 5.3 Flash$0.09$0.30
DeepSeek V4 Flash Vision Exp$0.22$0.66
Muse Spark 1.2 Contributor$0.10$0.20
Hy-MT2-30B-A3B$0.07$0.29
Hy-MT2-1.8B$0.04$0.18
GLM Latest$0.88$2.97
Hy-MT2-7B$0.07$0.29
GLM 5.3$1.40$4.40
Qwen3.8 27B$0.21$2.55
Gemini 3.7 Flash$0.75$3.75
Seed 2.1 Turbo$0.50$2.50
Grok 4.6$2.00$6.00
DeepSeek V4 Pro 0813$0.58$1.74
Qwen3.8 2.4T A95B$2.00$6.00
Seed-2.0-Code$0.50$3.00
Nemotron 3.5 Lightning$0.08$0.20
Sakana Namazu$0.95$4.00
Solar Pro 4$0.09$0.36
Muse Glimmer 30B$0.35$1.50
Muse Spark 1.2$1.25$4.25
Qwen3.8 Max$2.00$6.00
DeepSeek V4 Flash 0731$0.06$0.12
Inkling Small$0.45$1.20
Qwen3.7 Flash$0.03$0.13
Claude Opus 5 (Fast)$10.00$50.00
Claude Opus 5$5.00$25.00
Ling 3.0 Flash$0.02$0.06
Gemini 3.5 Flash Lite$0.30$2.50
Gemini 3.6 Flash$0.75$3.75
Laguna S 2.1$0.09$0.18
Inkling$1.00$4.05
Auto Router (Beta)$0.00$0.00
Muse Spark 1.1$1.25$4.25
Kimi K3$2.65$13.28
KAT-Coder-Air V2.5$0.15$0.60
KAT-Coder-Pro V2.5$0.74$2.96
GPT-5.6 Luna$0.20$1.20
GPT-5.6 Luna Pro$0.20$1.20
GPT-5.6 Terra$2.00$12.00
GPT-5.6 Sol$2.00$10.00
GPT-5.6 Terra Pro$2.00$12.00
GPT-5.6 Sol Pro$2.00$10.00
Grok 4.5$2.00$6.00
Hy3$0.08$0.33
Laguna XS 2.1$0.06$0.12
Claude Sonnet 5$2.00$10.00
Nano Banana 2 Lite (Gemini 3.1 Flash Lite Image)$0.25$1.50
Nex-N2-Mini$0.03$0.10
Fugu Ultra$5.00$30.00
Nano Banana 2 (Gemini 3.1 Flash Image)$0.50$3.00
Nano Banana Pro (Gemini 3 Pro Image)$2.00$12.00
GLM 5.2$1.40$4.40
Fusion$0.00$0.00
Kimi K2.7 Code$0.71$3.21
Claude Fable Latest$10.00$50.00
Claude Fable 5$10.00$50.00
Nex-N2-Pro$0.25$1.00
Nemotron 3.5 Content Safety$0.20$0.20
Nemotron 3 Ultra$0.63$3.13
Qwen3.7 Plus$0.32$1.28
MiniMax M3$0.30$1.20
Step 3.7 Flash$0.20$1.15
Claude Opus 4.8 (Fast)$10.00$50.00
Claude Opus 4.8$5.00$25.00
Llama 4 Maverick$0.19$0.65
Qwen3.7 Max$1.48$4.42
Grok Build 0.1$1.00$2.00
Gemini 3.5 Flash$1.50$9.00
Claude Opus 4.7 (Fast)$30.00$150.00
Gemini 3.1 Flash Lite$0.25$1.50
GPT Chat Latest$5.00$30.00
Grok 4.20$1.25$2.50
Granite 4.1 8B$0.05$0.10
Mistral Medium 3.5$1.50$7.50
Grok 4.3$1.25$2.50
Laguna M.1$0.20$0.40
Claude Haiku Latest$1.00$5.00
Gemini Flash Latest$0.75$3.75
Claude Sonnet Latest$2.00$10.00
Gemini Pro Latest$2.00$12.00
Kimi Latest$2.10$10.95
Google Gemini Flash Latest$0.75$3.75
Google Gemini Pro Latest$2.00$12.00
Anthropic Claude Sonnet Latest$2.00$10.00
Qwen3.5 Plus 2026-04-20$0.30$1.80
Qwen3.6 35B A3B$0.10$0.90
Qwen3.6 Max Preview$1.03$6.16
Qwen3.6 27B$0.30$2.00
Anthropic Claude Haiku Latest$1.00$5.00
Qwen3.6 Flash$0.19$1.13
MoonshotAI Kimi Latest$2.10$10.95
DeepSeek V4 Pro 0423$1.60$3.20
DeepSeek V4 Flash 0423$0.09$0.17
GPT-5.5 Pro$30.00$180.00
DeepSeek V4 Flash$0.09$0.17
GPT-5.5$5.00$30.00
DeepSeek V4 Pro$1.60$3.20
MiMo-V2.5$0.14$0.28
MiMo-V2.5-Pro$0.43$0.87
Hy3 preview$0.18$0.60
Pareto Code Router$0.00$0.00
GPT-5.4 Image 2$8.00$15.00
Claude Opus Latest$5.00$25.00
Kimi K2.6$0.95$4.00
Gemini 3.1 Flash$0.25$1.50
Gemini 3.1 Pro$2.00$12.00
Claude Opus 4.7$5.00$25.00
GLM 5.1$0.97$3.04
Gemma 4 26B A4B$0.09$0.30
Gemma 4 31B$0.09$0.34
Qwen3.6 Plus$0.33$1.95
GLM 5V Turbo$1.20$4.00
Grok 4.20 Multi-Agent$1.25$2.50
Grok 4.20$1.25$2.50
Lyria 3 Pro Preview$0.00$0.00
Lyria 3 Clip Preview$0.00$0.00
KAT-Coder-Pro V2$0.30$1.20
Reka Edge$0.10$0.10
MiniMax M2.7$0.30$1.20
GPT-5.4 Mini$0.75$4.50
GPT-5.4 Nano$0.20$1.25
Mistral Small 4$0.15$0.60
GLM 5 Turbo$1.20$4.00
Nemotron 3 Super$0.08$0.45
Qwen3.5-9B$0.10$0.15
Seed-2.0-Lite$0.25$2.00
GPT-5.4 Pro$30.00$180.00
GPT-5.4$2.50$15.00
Mercury 2$0.25$0.75
Gemini 3.1 Flash Lite Preview$0.25$1.50
GPT-5.3 Chat$1.75$14.00
Nano Banana 2 (Gemini 3.1 Flash Image Preview)$0.50$3.00
Seed-2.0-Mini$0.10$0.40
Qwen3.5-122B-A10B$0.26$2.08
Qwen3.5-27B$0.20$1.56
Qwen3.5-35B-A3B$0.16$1.30
Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview Custom Tools$2.00$12.00
Qwen3.5-Flash$0.07$0.26
GPT-5.3-Codex$1.75$14.00
Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview$2.00$12.00
Claude Sonnet 4.6$3.00$15.00
Qwen3.5 Plus 2026-02-15$0.26$1.56
Qwen3.5 397B A17B$0.55$3.50
MiniMax M2.5$0.27$1.08
GLM 5$0.60$1.92
Qwen3 Max Thinking$0.78$3.90
Qwen3 Coder Next$0.12$0.80
Claude Opus 4.6$5.00$25.00
Free Models Router$0.00$0.00
Step 3.5 Flash$0.10$0.30
Solar Pro 3$0.15$0.60
Kimi K2.5$0.45$2.25
MiniMax M2-her$0.30$1.20
Palmyra X5$0.60$6.00
GLM 4.7 Flash$0.06$0.40
GPT Audio Mini$0.60$2.40
GPT Audio$2.50$10.00
Doubao Pro$0.80$1.60
GPT-5.2-Codex$1.75$14.00
MiniMax M2.1$0.30$1.20
Seed 1.6 Flash$0.07$0.30
Seed 1.6$0.25$2.00
GLM 4.7$0.40$1.75
Gemini 3 Flash Preview$0.50$3.00
Nemotron 3 Nano 30B A3B$0.05$0.20
GPT-5.2$1.75$14.00
GPT-5.2 Pro$21.00$168.00
GPT-5.2 Chat$1.75$14.00
Devstral 2 2512$0.40$2.00
GLM 4.6V$0.30$0.90
Body Builder (beta)$0.00$0.00
GPT-5.1-Codex-Max$1.25$10.00
Nova 2 Lite$0.30$2.50
Ministral 3 14B 2512$0.20$0.20
Ministral 3 3B 2512$0.10$0.10
Ministral 3 8B 2512$0.15$0.15
DeepSeek V3.2$0.27$0.40
Mistral Large 3 2512$0.50$1.50
Claude Opus 4.5$5.00$25.00
Nano Banana Pro (Gemini 3 Pro Image Preview)$2.00$12.00
GPT-5.1 Chat$1.25$10.00
GPT-5.1$1.25$10.00
GPT-5.1-Codex$1.25$10.00
GPT-5.1-Codex-Mini$0.25$2.00
Qwen 2.5-Coder 32B$0.35$0.70
Kimi K2 Thinking$0.60$2.50
Hunyuan Pro$0.60$1.20
Nova Premier 1.0$2.50$12.50
Sonar Pro Search$3.00$15.00
Voxtral Small 24B 2507$0.10$0.30
gpt-oss-safeguard-20b$0.07$0.30
MiniMax M2$0.26$1.02
Qwen3 VL 32B Instruct$0.10$0.42
Granite 4.0 Micro$0.02$0.11
GPT-5 Image Mini$2.50$2.00
Claude Haiku 4.5$1.00$5.00
Qwen3 VL 8B Thinking$0.18$2.10
Qwen3 VL 8B Instruct$0.12$0.46
GPT-5 Image$10.00$10.00
o4 Mini Deep Research$2.00$8.00
o3 Deep Research$10.00$40.00
Nano Banana (Gemini 2.5 Flash Image)$0.30$2.50
Qwen3 VL 30B A3B Thinking$0.20$2.40
GPT-5 Pro$15.00$120.00
Qwen3 VL 30B A3B Instruct$0.13$0.52
Yi-Lightning$0.15$0.30
GLM 4.6$0.43$1.75
DeepSeek V3.2 Exp$0.27$0.41
Claude Sonnet 4.5$3.00$15.00
Cydonia 24B V4.1$0.30$0.50
Gemini 2.5 Flash Lite Preview 09-2025$0.10$0.40
Qwen3 Max$0.78$3.90
GPT-5 Codex$1.25$10.00
Qwen3 Coder Plus$0.65$3.25
Qwen3 VL 235B A22B Thinking$0.40$4.00
Qwen3 VL 235B A22B Instruct$0.21$1.90
DeepSeek V3.1 Terminus$0.27$1.00
Qwen 2.5 72B$0.40$0.80
Qwen3 Coder Flash$0.20$0.97
Qwen3 Next 80B A3B Instruct$0.09$1.10
Qwen3 Next 80B A3B Thinking$0.15$1.20
Qwen Plus 0728 (thinking)$0.26$0.78
Qwen Plus 0728$0.26$0.78
Kimi K2 0905$0.60$2.50
ERNIE 4.0$1.20$2.40
Qwen3 30B A3B Thinking 2507$0.20$2.40
Hermes 4 70B$0.13$0.40
Hermes 4 405B$1.00$3.00
DeepSeek V3.1$0.25$0.95
Mistral Medium 3.1$0.40$2.00
GLM 4.5V$0.60$1.80
Jamba Large 1.7$2.00$8.00
GPT-5 Nano$0.05$0.40
GPT-5 Chat$1.25$10.00
GPT-5 Mini$0.25$2.00
GPT-5$1.25$10.00
gpt-oss-20b$0.03$0.13
Claude Opus 4.1$15.00$75.00
gpt-oss-120b$0.04$0.17
Codestral 2508$0.30$0.90
Qwen3 Coder 30B A3B Instruct$0.07$0.28
Qwen3 30B A3B Instruct 2507$0.05$0.19
GLM 4.5$0.60$2.20
Qwen3 235B A22B Thinking 2507$0.23$2.30
GLM 4.5 Air$0.13$0.85
Mistral Large 2$0.60$1.80
Qwen3 Coder 480B A35B$0.30$1.00
UI-TARS 7B$0.10$0.20
Gemini 2.5 Flash Lite$0.10$0.40
Qwen3 235B A22B Instruct 2507$0.09$0.35
Kimi K2 0711$0.57$2.30
Hunyuan A13B Instruct$0.14$0.57
Morph V3 Fast$0.80$1.20
Morph V3 Large$0.90$1.90
ERNIE 4.5 VL 424B A47B$0.42$1.25
Mistral Small 3.2 24B$0.09$0.25
Gemini 2.5 Flash$0.30$2.50
MiniMax M1$0.40$2.20
Gemini 2.5 Pro$1.25$10.00
o3 Pro$20.00$80.00
Gemini 2.5 Pro Preview 06-05$1.25$10.00
R1 0528$0.50$2.15
Claude Sonnet 4$3.00$15.00
Claude Opus 4$15.00$75.00
Gemma 3n 4B$0.06$0.12
Gemini 2.5 Pro Preview 05-06$1.25$10.00
Mistral Medium 3$0.40$2.00
Llama Guard 4 12B$0.18$0.18
Qwen3 14B$0.12$0.24
Qwen3 32B$0.08$0.28
Qwen3 8B$0.12$0.46
Qwen3 30B A3B$0.12$0.50
Qwen3 235B A22B$0.46$1.82
o3$2.00$8.00
o4 Mini High$1.10$4.40
o4 Mini$1.10$4.40
GPT-4.1 Mini$0.40$1.60
GPT-4.1 Nano$0.10$0.40
GPT-4.1$2.00$8.00
Llama 4 Maverick$0.19$0.65
Llama 4 Scout$0.10$0.30
DeepSeek V3 0324$0.25$1.00
o1-pro$150.00$600.00
Mistral Small 3.1 24B$0.35$0.56
Gemma 3 4B$0.05$0.10
Command A$2.50$10.00
Gemma 3 12B$0.05$0.15
Reka Flash 3$0.10$0.20
GPT-4o-mini Search Preview$0.15$0.60
Gemma 3 27B$0.08$0.45
GPT-4o Search Preview$2.50$10.00
Skyfall 36B V2$0.55$0.80
Sonar Deep Research$2.00$8.00
Sonar Pro$3.00$15.00
Sonar Reasoning Pro$2.00$8.00
Saba$0.20$0.60
Claude 3.5 Sonnet v2$3.00$15.00
o3 Mini High$1.10$4.40
Gemini 2.0 Flash$0.10$0.40
Qwen2.5 VL 72B Instruct$0.80$1.00
Qwen-Plus$0.26$0.78
o3 Mini$1.10$4.40
Mistral Small 3$0.09$0.25
Sonar$1.00$1.00
R1 Distill Llama 70B$0.80$0.80
R1$0.70$2.50
DeepSeek R1$0.70$2.50
MiniMax-01$0.20$1.10
Phi 4$0.07$0.14
DeepSeek V3$0.26$1.03
o1$15.00$60.00
Command R7B (12-2024)$0.04$0.15
Mixtral 8x22B$0.50$1.00
Llama 3.3 70B Instruct$0.10$0.32
Llama 3.3 70B Instruct$0.10$0.32
Nova Micro 1.0$0.04$0.14
Nova Lite 1.0$0.06$0.24
Nova Pro 1.0$0.80$3.20
GPT-4o (2024-11-20)$2.50$10.00
Mistral Large 2407$2.00$6.00
Qwen2.5 Coder 32B Instruct$0.66$1.00
UnslopNemo 12B$0.40$0.40
Ministral 8B$0.11$0.11
Qwen2.5 7B Instruct$0.10$0.20
Inflection 3 Productivity$2.50$10.00
Inflection 3 Pi$2.50$10.00
Llama 3.2 3B Instruct$0.05$0.33
Llama 3.2 11B Vision Instruct$0.34$0.34
Llama 3.2 1B Instruct$0.03$0.20
Llama 3.2 11B Vision$0.34$0.34
Qwen2.5 72B Instruct$0.36$0.40
Command R (08-2024)$0.15$0.60
Hermes 3 70B Instruct$0.70$0.70
Hermes 3 405B Instruct$1.00$1.00
GPT-4o (2024-08-06)$2.50$10.00
Mistral Large 3$0.50$1.50
Llama 3.1 70B Instruct$0.40$0.40
Llama 3.1 8B Instruct$0.05$0.08
Llama 3.1 405B$0.80$0.80
Llama 3.1 8B$0.04$0.04
Mistral Nemo$0.02$0.03
GPT-4o-mini (2024-07-18)$0.15$0.60
GPT-4o-mini$0.15$0.60
Gemma 2 27B$0.65$0.65
GPT-4o (2024-05-13)$5.00$15.00
GPT-4o$2.50$10.00
Llama 3 8B Instruct$0.14$0.14
Mixtral 8x22B Instruct$2.00$6.00
WizardLM-2 8x22B$0.62$0.62
GPT-4 Turbo$10.00$30.00
Command R+$2.50$10.00
Claude 3 Haiku$0.25$1.25
Command R$0.15$0.60
Mistral Large$2.00$6.00
GPT-3.5 Turbo (older v0613)$1.00$2.00
GPT-4 Turbo Preview$10.00$30.00
Auto Router$0.00$0.00
GPT-3.5 Turbo Instruct$1.50$2.00
GPT-3.5 Turbo 16k$3.00$4.00
GPT-3.5 Turbo$0.50$1.50
GPT-4$30.00$60.00
Originally published on llmdb.app

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